We have
claimed that AI is exciting, but we have not said what
it is?
Definitions
of artificial intelligence according to four basic approaches to define AI.
These approaches are vary two major dimensions first, thought processes &
reasoning.There are four basic approaches to define AI:
Systems
that think like humans
Systems
that think rationally
Systems
that act like humans
Systems
that act rationally
System
that think like humans
The first
approach define that" The exciting new effort to make computers think
& machines with minds, in the full
and literal sense. This approach appeared in 1985 by Haugeland. In second
"The automation of activities that we associate with human thinking,
activities such as decision making,
problem solving, learning.( A person who gave this approach concept, named was
Bellman, in 1978).The question was raised in every mind that was: Can system will
do it? Can system think like humans?
Systems
that think rationally
In second
approach define that" The study of mental faculties through the use of
computational models. "(This approach was given by Chamiak and McDermott,
in 1985). In second " The study of the computations that make it possible
to perceive, reason, and act. "(This concept was given by Winston , in
1992).
Systems
that act like humans
This
approach was different from others, because in that approach the AI researchers
said that Computer can act like humans like think, speak and learn. We will
take two major concepts and judge can possible that systems or computers act
like humans. In first concept " The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when performed by people. " (This concept was given by Kurzweil, in
1990). In second concept " The study of how to make computers do things at
which, at the moment, people are better. "(this concept was given by Rich
and Knight, in 1991).
Systems
that act rationally
In fourth
approach " Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of
intelligent agents. " (Poole
et al gave this concept in 1998) In
second concept of this approach was "A1
. . .is concerned with intelligent behavior in
artifacts. " (this concept was
given by Nilsson in 1998).
Historically,
all four approaches to A1 have been followed. As one might expect, a tension exists between approaches centered
around humans and approaches centered around rationality.
A human - centered approach must be an
empirical science, involving hypothesis and experimental confirmation. A
rationalist approach involves a combination of mathematics and
engineering. Each group has both disparaged and helped the other. Let us look
at the four approaches in more detail.
Acting
humanly: The Turing Test approach
The Turing Test,
proposed by Alan Turing in 1950, this test was designed to provide a
satisfactory operational definition of intelligence. Rather than proposing a
long and perhaps controversial list of qualifications required for
intelligence, he suggested a test based on indistinguishably from undeniably
intelligent entities human beings. The computer passes the test if a human
interrogator, after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the
written responses come from a person or not. Further discusses the details of
the test and whether a computer is really intelligent if it passes. For now, we
note that programming a computer to pass the test provides plenty to work on.
The computer would need to possess the following capabilities:
Natural
language processing to enable it to
communicate successfully in English.
Knowledge
representation to store what it knows or
hears.
Automated
reasoning to use the stored information
to answer questions and to draw new conclusions.
Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect
and extrapolate patterns.
Turing's
test deliberately avoided direct physical interaction between the interrogator
and the computer, because physical simulation of a person is unnecessary for
intelligence. However, the so called
total Turing Test includes a
video signal so that the interrogator can test the subject's perceptual
abilities, as well as the opportunity for the interrogator to pass physical
objects " through the hatch.
" To pass the total Turing Test,
the computer will need
Computer
vision to perceive objects & robotics to manipulate objects and move about.
These six
disciplines compose most of AI, and Turing deserves credit for designing a test
that remains relevant 50 years later. Yet A1 researchers have devoted
little effort to passing the Turing test, believing that it is more important
to study the underlying principles of intelligence than to duplicate an
exemplar. The quest for "artificial flight " succeeded when the Wright brothers and others
stopped imitating birds and learned about aerodynamics. Aeronautical
engineering texts do not define the goal of their field as making " machines that fly so exactly like
pigeons that they can fool even other pigeons.
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